why brainiac? because i have decided to make this blog my intelligent blog.
i mean, i must write all intelligent things in here.
but i think not now. because i dont have time.
help me pray that i can have all the time in the world. *sighs*
its so hard to maintain three blogs all at the same time, you know.
God bless.
Sunday, September 30, 2007
Saturday, September 29, 2007
reaksiyon sa SONA
"We were able to strengthen our economy because of the fiscal reforms that we adopted at such great cost to me in public disapproval. But I would rather be RIGHT than POPULAR.
- Her Excellency, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Sa tuwing nababasa ko, o naririnig ang tungkol sa SONA, napapaisip tuloy ako na walang kuwenta ang bumabatikos sa pangulo. Hindi naman lahat ay ganoon. Kasi, sa totoo lang, wala akong pinapanigan sa pagitan ng nambabatikos at ng pangulo. Ang sa akin lang, hindi naman pala ganoon kasama ang pangulo, hindi siya ganoon ka iresponsable. Kasi kung totoo nga na ganun, ay siguro nakatunganga lang siya tuwing magso-SONA siya, o di kaya'y di na lang siya mag so-SONA dahil wala naman siyang masasabi, hindi ba?
Marami siyang nabanggit na mga 'achievements', kumbaga, sa SONA niya ngayon. Nakapagpatayo siya ng mga patubig sa isang milyong ektarya sa loob ng anim na taon, naitaguyod niya ang Agribusiness sa Mindanao na siyang dahilan kaya bumaba ang hunger rate doon, nakapagawa siya ng iba't-ibang imprastruktura tulad na lamang ng tulay sa Butuan, at mga paliparan,kasama din ang ang mga daan,na mas kilala sa tawag na farm to market roads na kung saan natapos na nila ang 300.
Nabanggit din niya ang tungkol sa edukasyon. Ang 15, 000 na silid-aralan, na noon ay 6,000 lamang ang nagagawa sa isang taon, pagbibigay ng isang libro bawat mag-aaral sa elementarya, ang pagsusuporta ng 600,000 na iskolar, ang pagpapa-angat sa kalidad ng pagtuturo, ay ilan lamang sa mga nagawa niya sa edukasyon.
Kung tungkol naman sa medisina, nagawa nilang hatiin ang presyo ng mga gamot na karaniwang binibili ng madla. Nabanggit tio ng pangulo noong taong 2001, at ngayon ay napatupad niya.
Kung mapapansin natin, mas nakatuon ang pansin ng administrasyon sa Mindanao. Dahil taga-doon ako, naiintindihan ko ang dahilan bakit ganoon. Kasi, kung ang ipinagmamalaki ng Maynila ay iyong mga industriya at iba't-ibang negosyo, ang sa Mindanao naman ay iyong mga produktong agrikultural na siyang bumubuhay sa ating lahat. Ika nga ng pangulo, Last year, I unveiled the Super Regions, such as Mindanao,to spread development away from an inequitable concentration in Metro Manila. HINDI LAMANG MAYNILA ANG PILIPINAS.
Sinabi ng pangulo sa simula ng SONA niya na hangarin niyang mapabilang ang ating bansa sa hanay ng mayayamang bansa pagkatapos ng 20 taon. At kapag nagbitiw ng ganitong pahayag ang isang tao, nagbabatay ito sa numero. Ibig sabihin, may pagsasaliksik ang ginawa. Ngunit kahit anong gawin natin, hindi natin nararamdaman ang sinasabi niyang pag-unlad. Ito ay marahil sa kadahilanang ang umuunlad lamang ay ang iyong mga taong napapabilang sa mataas na uri ng pamumuhay o ang iyong mga mayayaman. Alam natin na ang pera ay umiikot lamang. Kaya kung umuunlad ang mga mayayaman, o yumayaman ang mg mayayaman, e di mas lalong naghihirap ang mga mahihirap. Hindi ba? Kaya hindi natin nararamdaman ang pag-unlad dahil ang nakikita natin ay iyong mga mamamayan na naghihirap, na lalong naghihirap.
Hindi naman talaga kaya ng ating pangulo na tugunan ang LAHAT ng pangangailangan ng mamamayan, hindi ba? Kumbaga binibigyan niya ng prayoridad ang mga pangangailangan na kailangang unahin. Hindi ko naman sinasabi na wala sa prayoridad niya and edukasyon, kasi karamihan sa nag-aalsa ay edukasyon ang isinisigaw. Ang sa akin lang, kung ititgil natin iyong mga pagbabatikos at simulan nating magsakripisyo, siguradong mabibigyan ng daan ang mga plano ng ating pangulo para sa ikauunlad ng ating bansa., Kailangan lang nating buksan ang ating isipan, at magtiwala sa kanya.
- Her Excellency, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Sa tuwing nababasa ko, o naririnig ang tungkol sa SONA, napapaisip tuloy ako na walang kuwenta ang bumabatikos sa pangulo. Hindi naman lahat ay ganoon. Kasi, sa totoo lang, wala akong pinapanigan sa pagitan ng nambabatikos at ng pangulo. Ang sa akin lang, hindi naman pala ganoon kasama ang pangulo, hindi siya ganoon ka iresponsable. Kasi kung totoo nga na ganun, ay siguro nakatunganga lang siya tuwing magso-SONA siya, o di kaya'y di na lang siya mag so-SONA dahil wala naman siyang masasabi, hindi ba?
Marami siyang nabanggit na mga 'achievements', kumbaga, sa SONA niya ngayon. Nakapagpatayo siya ng mga patubig sa isang milyong ektarya sa loob ng anim na taon, naitaguyod niya ang Agribusiness sa Mindanao na siyang dahilan kaya bumaba ang hunger rate doon, nakapagawa siya ng iba't-ibang imprastruktura tulad na lamang ng tulay sa Butuan, at mga paliparan,kasama din ang ang mga daan,na mas kilala sa tawag na farm to market roads na kung saan natapos na nila ang 300.
Nabanggit din niya ang tungkol sa edukasyon. Ang 15, 000 na silid-aralan, na noon ay 6,000 lamang ang nagagawa sa isang taon, pagbibigay ng isang libro bawat mag-aaral sa elementarya, ang pagsusuporta ng 600,000 na iskolar, ang pagpapa-angat sa kalidad ng pagtuturo, ay ilan lamang sa mga nagawa niya sa edukasyon.
Kung tungkol naman sa medisina, nagawa nilang hatiin ang presyo ng mga gamot na karaniwang binibili ng madla. Nabanggit tio ng pangulo noong taong 2001, at ngayon ay napatupad niya.
Kung mapapansin natin, mas nakatuon ang pansin ng administrasyon sa Mindanao. Dahil taga-doon ako, naiintindihan ko ang dahilan bakit ganoon. Kasi, kung ang ipinagmamalaki ng Maynila ay iyong mga industriya at iba't-ibang negosyo, ang sa Mindanao naman ay iyong mga produktong agrikultural na siyang bumubuhay sa ating lahat. Ika nga ng pangulo, Last year, I unveiled the Super Regions, such as Mindanao,to spread development away from an inequitable concentration in Metro Manila. HINDI LAMANG MAYNILA ANG PILIPINAS.
Sinabi ng pangulo sa simula ng SONA niya na hangarin niyang mapabilang ang ating bansa sa hanay ng mayayamang bansa pagkatapos ng 20 taon. At kapag nagbitiw ng ganitong pahayag ang isang tao, nagbabatay ito sa numero. Ibig sabihin, may pagsasaliksik ang ginawa. Ngunit kahit anong gawin natin, hindi natin nararamdaman ang sinasabi niyang pag-unlad. Ito ay marahil sa kadahilanang ang umuunlad lamang ay ang iyong mga taong napapabilang sa mataas na uri ng pamumuhay o ang iyong mga mayayaman. Alam natin na ang pera ay umiikot lamang. Kaya kung umuunlad ang mga mayayaman, o yumayaman ang mg mayayaman, e di mas lalong naghihirap ang mga mahihirap. Hindi ba? Kaya hindi natin nararamdaman ang pag-unlad dahil ang nakikita natin ay iyong mga mamamayan na naghihirap, na lalong naghihirap.
Hindi naman talaga kaya ng ating pangulo na tugunan ang LAHAT ng pangangailangan ng mamamayan, hindi ba? Kumbaga binibigyan niya ng prayoridad ang mga pangangailangan na kailangang unahin. Hindi ko naman sinasabi na wala sa prayoridad niya and edukasyon, kasi karamihan sa nag-aalsa ay edukasyon ang isinisigaw. Ang sa akin lang, kung ititgil natin iyong mga pagbabatikos at simulan nating magsakripisyo, siguradong mabibigyan ng daan ang mga plano ng ating pangulo para sa ikauunlad ng ating bansa., Kailangan lang nating buksan ang ating isipan, at magtiwala sa kanya.
teorya ni leiberman
"In the five-million-year-long lineage that connects us to the common ancestors of apes and human beings, there have been many Adams and many Eves. In the beginning was the word, but the vocal communications of our most distant hominid ancestors five million years or so ago probably didn’t really differ from those of the ape-hominid ancestor." This is what Philip Lieberman, a linguist at Brown University, commented in a chapter he entitled ‘What, When, and Where did Eve Speak to Adam and He to Her?. Using biblical terminology, Lieberman had written a year earlier: ‘For with speech came a capacity for thought that had never existed before, and that has transformed the world. In the beginning was the word’.
When God created the first human beings—Adam and Eve—He created them in His own image (Genesis 1:26-27). This likeness unquestionably included the ability to engage in intelligible speech via human language. In fact, God spoke to them from the very beginning of their existence as humans (Genesis 1:28-30). Hence, they possessed the ability to understand verbal communication—and to speak themselves! God gave very specific instructions to the man before the woman was even created (Genesis 2:15-17). Adam gave names to the animals before the creation of Eve (Genesis 2:19-20). Since both the man and the woman were created on the sixth day, the creation of the man preceded the creation of the woman by only hours. So, Adam had the ability to speak on the very day that he was brought into existence! That same day, God put Adam to sleep and performed history’s first human surgery. He fashioned the female of the species from a portion of the male’s body. God then presented the woman to the man (no doubt in what we would refer to as the first marriage ceremony). Observe Adam’s response: ‘And Adam said, "This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of man"’ (Genesis 2:23). Here is Adam—less than twenty-four hours old—articulating intelligible speech with a well-developed vocabulary and advanced powers of expression. Note also that Eve engaged in intelligent conversation with Satan (Genesis 3:1-5). An unbiased observer is forced to conclude that Adam and Eve were created with oral communication capability. Little wonder, then, that God said to Moses: ‘Who had made man’s mouth? ... Have not I, the Lord? Now therefore, go, and I will be with your mouth and teach you what you shall say’ (Exodus 4:11-12).
Pinatotohanan sa bibliya ang teoryang ito, kaya ako naniniwala dito. Kung iisipin nga natin, ang paglikha sa mundo ang siyang hudyat ng simula ng paglikha ng lahat ng bagay. At, kasali na doon ang wika. Sinabi ni Lieberman na kalakip ng pagsasalita o pagwiwika ang pag-iisip. Kaya kung wala pang wika sa pinakasimula, paano maililikha ng Panginoon ang mundo? Ang paniniwala ni Lieberman ay pinatunayan sa bibliya, Genesis 1:3, sa bersong ito : "Then GOD SAID, 'Let there be light,' AND THERE WAS LIGHT." Nangangahulugan itong totoo nga ang sinasabi ni Lieberman. Paano nagkaroon ng wika ang mga tao? Sinaad din sa bibliya ang tungkol dito sa Genesis 1:26-27, "Then God said: Let us make man in my image, after my likeness. God created man in his image." Ibig sabihin nito, nang nilikha Niya ang tao, nilikha niya ito na kahawig sa kanya. At ang pagkakahawig na ito ay hindi lang nagsasaad ng mukha, kundi pati na rin ng ibang kakayahan, kasama na ang kakayahang magsalita. Mapapansin natin na tumutugma ang teorya ni Lieberman sa mga sinaad sa bibliya. Napili ko ito hindi lamang sa Kristiyano ako, kundi dahil na rin sa matatag na basehan na ipinakita niya – ang bibliya. Ang tanging problema lang nito ay ang bibliya at ang siyensa ay di magkatugma.
When God created the first human beings—Adam and Eve—He created them in His own image (Genesis 1:26-27). This likeness unquestionably included the ability to engage in intelligible speech via human language. In fact, God spoke to them from the very beginning of their existence as humans (Genesis 1:28-30). Hence, they possessed the ability to understand verbal communication—and to speak themselves! God gave very specific instructions to the man before the woman was even created (Genesis 2:15-17). Adam gave names to the animals before the creation of Eve (Genesis 2:19-20). Since both the man and the woman were created on the sixth day, the creation of the man preceded the creation of the woman by only hours. So, Adam had the ability to speak on the very day that he was brought into existence! That same day, God put Adam to sleep and performed history’s first human surgery. He fashioned the female of the species from a portion of the male’s body. God then presented the woman to the man (no doubt in what we would refer to as the first marriage ceremony). Observe Adam’s response: ‘And Adam said, "This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of man"’ (Genesis 2:23). Here is Adam—less than twenty-four hours old—articulating intelligible speech with a well-developed vocabulary and advanced powers of expression. Note also that Eve engaged in intelligent conversation with Satan (Genesis 3:1-5). An unbiased observer is forced to conclude that Adam and Eve were created with oral communication capability. Little wonder, then, that God said to Moses: ‘Who had made man’s mouth? ... Have not I, the Lord? Now therefore, go, and I will be with your mouth and teach you what you shall say’ (Exodus 4:11-12).
Pinatotohanan sa bibliya ang teoryang ito, kaya ako naniniwala dito. Kung iisipin nga natin, ang paglikha sa mundo ang siyang hudyat ng simula ng paglikha ng lahat ng bagay. At, kasali na doon ang wika. Sinabi ni Lieberman na kalakip ng pagsasalita o pagwiwika ang pag-iisip. Kaya kung wala pang wika sa pinakasimula, paano maililikha ng Panginoon ang mundo? Ang paniniwala ni Lieberman ay pinatunayan sa bibliya, Genesis 1:3, sa bersong ito : "Then GOD SAID, 'Let there be light,' AND THERE WAS LIGHT." Nangangahulugan itong totoo nga ang sinasabi ni Lieberman. Paano nagkaroon ng wika ang mga tao? Sinaad din sa bibliya ang tungkol dito sa Genesis 1:26-27, "Then God said: Let us make man in my image, after my likeness. God created man in his image." Ibig sabihin nito, nang nilikha Niya ang tao, nilikha niya ito na kahawig sa kanya. At ang pagkakahawig na ito ay hindi lang nagsasaad ng mukha, kundi pati na rin ng ibang kakayahan, kasama na ang kakayahang magsalita. Mapapansin natin na tumutugma ang teorya ni Lieberman sa mga sinaad sa bibliya. Napili ko ito hindi lamang sa Kristiyano ako, kundi dahil na rin sa matatag na basehan na ipinakita niya – ang bibliya. Ang tanging problema lang nito ay ang bibliya at ang siyensa ay di magkatugma.
miseducation of filipinos
A Few General Comments
The first thing that I would really like to comment about is the choice of vocabulary of the author. The author blatantly has a wide command of the English language. And it’s such a good thing for him. But sometimes not good for me, cause I really have to prepare our mini dictionary on my side in case I’ll encounter an alien word.
On the content, it’s really not a waste of time reading the article. Not only will you learn new vocabulary but also your eyes will be opened to a fact that has long existed in which our eyes are just so blinded to see, because we are just so pre-occupied with the idea that the Americans are totally of help. But then again, we must remember that the world is created with symmetry, that in every evil, there’s goodness, and that in the presence of advantage, there’s a disadvantage.
Education is indeed a very vital factor for one’s development. And as we all know, through education, one’s mind is molded because of the teachings, ideas, and values taught to him. Due to this fact, it’s only either of the two that will happen: the person will become productive provided that he was taught with the right things, or, the person will become otherwise since he acquired negative things. So here comes Renato Constantino, educating us the right way.
I wrote some learning and comments from selected parts of the article. And these are as follows:
Compared to US, our country is still in the process of improvisation or still underdeveloped. Culturally speaking, US has firm tradition or has it’s own culture which was not influenced by other cultures. It has developed freely which sprang from its indigenous people. Indeed, US is the master of it’s own house. And provided that we are a corollary of the certain country’s intense desire to spread their seed, we couldn’t deny the fact that we have already adopted some of their cultures and traditions, including their language. American education stresses the importance of internationalism and we simply follow the lead without knowing that our very own foundation of nationalism is weak, making this move disadvantageous. To site is our national virtue of hospitality which, according to the article, has transformed into a stupid vice. (Adoption of Western Values)
Due to the failure of Philippine education, we became so ignorant to the fact that we allowed aliens to strip us of our possessions and wealth. We even praise them for their success, not knowing that some of it is mainly caused by us. They even labeled our country as paradise, but as a matter of fact, Philippines is a heaven just for them but not for some of our countrymen. Because we are still an indirect colony of other countries, many Filipinos fought for complete or total independence and freedom, getting nothing in return but negative thoughts and opposition. Due to colonial education, Filipinos find it hard to grasp the nationalistic principles that must be learned. (Un-Filipino Filipinos)
For a child to master a foreign language, he must first master his own. Because no one is brave enough to advocate the use of our native language as the medium of instruction, the use of English has become dominant. Because a lot are illiterate on this, the use of English as a medium of teaching is an ineffective step, thus producing citizens who do not have mastery of English as well as their native language due to the deliberate neglection to it. Simply put, the masses are becoming more and more illiterate even to their own language. Since many find it hard to use English, many also find it hard to express and lack of expression prevents learning or development of thought, leading to cultural stagnation. (Impediments to Thought)
It is true that we are being dumped with American forms of media. And we can’t deny the fact that mass media is a great factor in molding our character and ideals. It greatly affects our system. Due to this fact, we can’t help but get affected and infected with the whole Americanization thing. And the only way to cure this? Philippine Education. I agree with what is stated that Philippine Education should produce men and women who are not only educated or who do not only know how to read and write and add and subtract, but also men and women who know and who are aware of the present situation of the country and should do something about it for it’s betterment. Philippine education should not only teach the students the basic knowledge and skill but also inculcate within their hearts and minds the values and teachings of our fellow noble countrymen such as Bonifacio and Rizal. Filipino should not only go to school to get a degree or diploma, but should also embed within themselves the values and characteristics that this drowning nation needs. As a saying goes, "Application should always go with education, because the latter is nil in the absence of the former." (Needed: Filipinos)
Two Parts I Like Most To React
a) The Language Problem
Until now, the issue on what medium of teaching should be used is still unresolved. It has been long debated, but still majority is in favor of the English language. Even this fact suggests and strongly proves that we are still an indirect colony of United States and are still dependent on them.
But based on my personal point of view, I am in favor of the use of English as the medium of instruction because first of all, English is the international language. We cannot communicate with other nationalities without it. But this doesn’t really mean that my mind is polluted with the Americanization thing. Or maybe is it? I don’t know. What I’m trying to depict is that the use of English is a practical way for us, Filipinos to be globally competitive. Though I am in favor of the English medium, it does not mean that I look down our native tongue or I completely reject it.
b) Barrier to Democracy
English is considered to be a barrier to democracy. This is very visible during campaigns and public addresses. We knew that most politicians communicate to the masses with the use of such language. I don’t know if they do so just because they don’t want to inform the masses of their hidden agenda or they just want to impress the masses that they are English-literate? Or they just consider the native language as the language of the uneducated because of their belief that English-literates belong to an elite group? Either of those, one thing is for sure: they don’t consider the fact that only a few could articulate thoughts in English. Only a few could even read and write with the use of that language. Due to the lack of command of English language, the masses who only half-understand what is said to them are already contented to leave everything to the leaders. As what is said in the article, "people don’t even think it is their duty to know, or that they are capable of understanding national problems." It’s such a sad fact.
Is The Article Still Relevant, Or Not?
The article has presented enough hard and believable facts. So I really think the article is still relevant and should be disseminated. The author has convinced me with his ideas and opinion. So, I’m sure he could also convince others the same way that he did to me. He bombarded me with hard facts and great ideas. His write-up is great. It’s indeed worth reading.
Considering the present situation that our country is facing right now, I think this article could help a lot. Filipinos nowadays have already that colonial mentality. And maybe they’ll change if they’ll read this. Our country needs people who are willing to change our country for the better which will benefit the many, not only himself. Because we are so dependent on America, I think it’s time to wake our fellow countrymen to this fact.
The first thing that I would really like to comment about is the choice of vocabulary of the author. The author blatantly has a wide command of the English language. And it’s such a good thing for him. But sometimes not good for me, cause I really have to prepare our mini dictionary on my side in case I’ll encounter an alien word.
On the content, it’s really not a waste of time reading the article. Not only will you learn new vocabulary but also your eyes will be opened to a fact that has long existed in which our eyes are just so blinded to see, because we are just so pre-occupied with the idea that the Americans are totally of help. But then again, we must remember that the world is created with symmetry, that in every evil, there’s goodness, and that in the presence of advantage, there’s a disadvantage.
Education is indeed a very vital factor for one’s development. And as we all know, through education, one’s mind is molded because of the teachings, ideas, and values taught to him. Due to this fact, it’s only either of the two that will happen: the person will become productive provided that he was taught with the right things, or, the person will become otherwise since he acquired negative things. So here comes Renato Constantino, educating us the right way.
I wrote some learning and comments from selected parts of the article. And these are as follows:
Compared to US, our country is still in the process of improvisation or still underdeveloped. Culturally speaking, US has firm tradition or has it’s own culture which was not influenced by other cultures. It has developed freely which sprang from its indigenous people. Indeed, US is the master of it’s own house. And provided that we are a corollary of the certain country’s intense desire to spread their seed, we couldn’t deny the fact that we have already adopted some of their cultures and traditions, including their language. American education stresses the importance of internationalism and we simply follow the lead without knowing that our very own foundation of nationalism is weak, making this move disadvantageous. To site is our national virtue of hospitality which, according to the article, has transformed into a stupid vice. (Adoption of Western Values)
Due to the failure of Philippine education, we became so ignorant to the fact that we allowed aliens to strip us of our possessions and wealth. We even praise them for their success, not knowing that some of it is mainly caused by us. They even labeled our country as paradise, but as a matter of fact, Philippines is a heaven just for them but not for some of our countrymen. Because we are still an indirect colony of other countries, many Filipinos fought for complete or total independence and freedom, getting nothing in return but negative thoughts and opposition. Due to colonial education, Filipinos find it hard to grasp the nationalistic principles that must be learned. (Un-Filipino Filipinos)
For a child to master a foreign language, he must first master his own. Because no one is brave enough to advocate the use of our native language as the medium of instruction, the use of English has become dominant. Because a lot are illiterate on this, the use of English as a medium of teaching is an ineffective step, thus producing citizens who do not have mastery of English as well as their native language due to the deliberate neglection to it. Simply put, the masses are becoming more and more illiterate even to their own language. Since many find it hard to use English, many also find it hard to express and lack of expression prevents learning or development of thought, leading to cultural stagnation. (Impediments to Thought)
It is true that we are being dumped with American forms of media. And we can’t deny the fact that mass media is a great factor in molding our character and ideals. It greatly affects our system. Due to this fact, we can’t help but get affected and infected with the whole Americanization thing. And the only way to cure this? Philippine Education. I agree with what is stated that Philippine Education should produce men and women who are not only educated or who do not only know how to read and write and add and subtract, but also men and women who know and who are aware of the present situation of the country and should do something about it for it’s betterment. Philippine education should not only teach the students the basic knowledge and skill but also inculcate within their hearts and minds the values and teachings of our fellow noble countrymen such as Bonifacio and Rizal. Filipino should not only go to school to get a degree or diploma, but should also embed within themselves the values and characteristics that this drowning nation needs. As a saying goes, "Application should always go with education, because the latter is nil in the absence of the former." (Needed: Filipinos)
Two Parts I Like Most To React
a) The Language Problem
Until now, the issue on what medium of teaching should be used is still unresolved. It has been long debated, but still majority is in favor of the English language. Even this fact suggests and strongly proves that we are still an indirect colony of United States and are still dependent on them.
But based on my personal point of view, I am in favor of the use of English as the medium of instruction because first of all, English is the international language. We cannot communicate with other nationalities without it. But this doesn’t really mean that my mind is polluted with the Americanization thing. Or maybe is it? I don’t know. What I’m trying to depict is that the use of English is a practical way for us, Filipinos to be globally competitive. Though I am in favor of the English medium, it does not mean that I look down our native tongue or I completely reject it.
b) Barrier to Democracy
English is considered to be a barrier to democracy. This is very visible during campaigns and public addresses. We knew that most politicians communicate to the masses with the use of such language. I don’t know if they do so just because they don’t want to inform the masses of their hidden agenda or they just want to impress the masses that they are English-literate? Or they just consider the native language as the language of the uneducated because of their belief that English-literates belong to an elite group? Either of those, one thing is for sure: they don’t consider the fact that only a few could articulate thoughts in English. Only a few could even read and write with the use of that language. Due to the lack of command of English language, the masses who only half-understand what is said to them are already contented to leave everything to the leaders. As what is said in the article, "people don’t even think it is their duty to know, or that they are capable of understanding national problems." It’s such a sad fact.
Is The Article Still Relevant, Or Not?
The article has presented enough hard and believable facts. So I really think the article is still relevant and should be disseminated. The author has convinced me with his ideas and opinion. So, I’m sure he could also convince others the same way that he did to me. He bombarded me with hard facts and great ideas. His write-up is great. It’s indeed worth reading.
Considering the present situation that our country is facing right now, I think this article could help a lot. Filipinos nowadays have already that colonial mentality. And maybe they’ll change if they’ll read this. Our country needs people who are willing to change our country for the better which will benefit the many, not only himself. Because we are so dependent on America, I think it’s time to wake our fellow countrymen to this fact.
reaksiyon sa romulus d grayt
Konting Pangkalahatang Reaksiyon. Nang matapos kong panoorin ang palabas ay tumayo ang aking balahibo, hindi dahil sa takot kundi sa sobrang pagkamangha sa napanood ko. Napakahusay ang pagganap ng mga artista sa papel nila. Maganda ang pagkakasunod-sunod, gayundin ang pagkagawa ng buong istorya. Binabati ko ang mga tao sa likod ng produksiyon na ito sapagkat matatalino sila at naisip nilang magpalabas ng ganoon kaganda at katalinong palabas. Nasasabi kong matalino sila sapagkat nabatid ko na hindi lamang puro komedya at katatawanan ang pinapalabas nila dito kundi alam kong mayroong natatagong kahulugan ang palabas na iyon. Binabati ko din ang mga nagsipagganap sapagkat, ayon nga sa nasulat ko, nagampanan nila nang mahusay ang mga papel nila. Nagpapasalamat ako kay Prof. del Mundo sapagkat binigyan niya kami ng pagkakataong makapanood ng isang mahusay at matalinong palabas. Binabati ko din ang PETA, dahil nagpalabas sila ng ganito kagandang play.
Buod ng Palabas.
Act 1.. Dumating si Spurius Titan Mamma sa kaharian ni Romulus na duguan at sugatan. Nais niyang ipagbigay alam kay Romulus na nasakop na ng kalaban ang Pavia, ngunit si Romulus ay ayaw tanggapin o pakinggan ang balitang dala niya. Mas ninais niyang kumain ng agahan at makipag-usap sa isang taong nais bumili ng mga busto ng palasyo. Sinabihan pa niya si Spurius na matulog at magpahinga kaysa pakinggan ang balita. Maya-maya ay dumating ang hari na si Zeno at pinaalam sa kanila na nasakop na ang kaharian niya. Nais niyang makipagsanib puwersa kay Romulus upang labanan ang mga German subalit ayaw naman ni Romulus na makipaglaban. Ayaw niyang sumabak sa giyera. Dumating si Caesar Rupf at inalok niya ang hari na babayaran niya ang mga kalaban ng 10 milyon sa isang kondisyon- nais niyang mapangasawa ang anak niya na si Rea. Ayaw pumayag ni Romulus. Sabi niya, mas gugustuhin pa niyang ibenta ang buong imperyo ng mura kaysa ipakasal ang anak niya.
Act II.. Ang mga natitirang tauhan ni Romulus ay biglaang nagtipon sa hardin at nag-usap tungkol sa nalalapit na pagbagsak ng imperyo nang biglang dumating si Emilian, ang mapapangasawa ni Rea. Nandidiri pa siya sa kaharian ni Romulus sapagkat marumi ito dala ng mga manok na naglipana sa buong kaharian. Lumabas si Rea mula sa palasyo. Sa kasamaang palad ay hindi siya nakilala nito dahil sa duguan at sugatan siya. Pinakilala ni Emilian ang sarili niya at nagulat si Rea dahil tatlong taon silang nagkawalay ni Emilian, at ngayon ay biglaan silang nagkita. Nais ni Emilian na kumuha ng sandata si Rea upang sumama sa kanya at makipaglaban, ngunit ayaw naman ng dalaga na gawin iyon. Nang marinig ng binata ang alok ni Rupf ay sinabihan nito si Rea na tanggapin ang alok alang-alang sa kapakanan ng kaharian. Sapilitan ang pagpayag ni Rea, ngunit nang lumabas si Romulus ay nagalit ito at hindi pinahintulutan ang dalaga na gawin ang nais ni Emilian.
Act III.. Binisita si Romulus ng kanyang asawang si Empress Julia na nagpaalam sa kanya. Aalis ng Roma ang reyna papuntang Sicily at doon na maninirahan. Ayaw sumama ni Romulus. Dito nagkaalaman na hindi kailanman minahal ng dalawa ang isa’t-isa, na naggamitan lang sila para sa pansariling kagustuhan. Nais ni Julia na maging Empress kaya niya pinakasalan si Romulus, at si Romulus naman ay nais maging hari na naglalayong pabagsakin ang isang bayan dahil sa madugong kasaysayan nito bago maabot ang kapangyarihang tinatamasa nito. Pagkaalis ni Julia ay binisita si Romulus ni Rea. Kinumbinse ni Romulus si Rea na pakasalan si Emilian at hindi si Rupf dahil aniya, "mas mahirap maging tapat sa kapwa kaysa sa estado." Nakita niya na may taong nagmamasid sa kanila kaya nang umalis si Rea ay bigla niyang pinalabas ang taong ito na nakilala niyang si Emilian. Mula dito ay biglang nagsulputan ang mga taong nagtatago sa silid ng hari. Ito ay sina Zeno, Spurius at ang sekretarya niya na nakasuot ng itim na damit at may dalang maliit na sandata. Plano nilang patayin ang hari ngunit hindi man lang natinag si Romulus. Hindi takot ang nababanaag sa mukha niya kundi pagkagulat dahil sa planong ito ng mga kampon niyang nagtraydor sa kanya. Ngunit bigla silang lumisan nang may sumigaw na dumating na ang mga kalaban. Mas ninais na lang nilang mamatay si Romulus sa kamay ng mga kalaban.
Act IV. Pagkagising ni Romulus ay sinalubong siya ng mga balita na ang dalawa niyang katulong ay inalukan ng trabaho ni Rupf at ang sinasakyan ng mag-ina niya papuntang Sicily ay nalunod. Tanging si Zeno lamang ang nakaligtas dito. Hindi nagpakita ng kahit na anumang pagkalungkot si Romulus, sapagkat alam niyang mamatay din siya sa araw na iyon. Nang dumating na ang puwersa ng mga kalaban na pinamumunuan ni Odoacer at ng pamangkin niyang si Theoderic, ay buong puso niyang sinalubong ang mga ito, pati na ang kamatayan niya. Subalit, hindi nais ni Odoacer na patayin ang hari kundi plano niyang humingi ng tulong dito. Magkapareho sila ng plano ni Odoacer na kailangan nang matigil ang pagkasakim ng mga tao sa kapangyarihan. Alam ni Odoacer na kapag naghari siya ay papatayin din siya ng pamangkin niya balang-araw. Kaya nagkasundo ang dalawa na gawing hari ng Italya si Odoacer at magretiro si Romulus na may taunang pension. Doon nagtatapos ang palabas.
Mga Natutunan. Sinabi ni Romulus na hindi digmaan ang sagot sa lahat ng bagay. Dahil alam naman natin na laganap ang giyera ngayon sa pagitan ng gobyerno at rebelde. Dahil sa kagustuhan ng taong makamit ang kapangyarihan ay ginagawa na niya ang lahat upang maisakatuparan ito. Ito ang naging dahilan na gustong ibagsak ni Romulus ang imperyong Romano dahil sa madugo nitong nakaraan. Nakamtan ng Roma ang kapangyarihan sa pamamagitan ng pagpatay ng mga tao. Laging iniisip ng tao na para sa bayan o estado ang ginagawa nito. Nabubulagan sila sa ideyang ito kaya hindi nila nakikita ang mga taong naapakan nila. Nais ni Romulus isaalang-alang ang kapakanan ng tao kaysa sa bayan.
Mapapansin din natin na sa kalagitnaan ng gulo at digmaan ay walang ginawa si Romulus kundi hayaan na bumagsak ang imperyo. Planado niya ang lahat ng iyon. Naniniwala kasi siya na ang imperyalismo at ang globalisasyon ang siyang sisira sa ating lahat. Ito na siguro ang nangyayari sa atin sa kasalukuyan.
Siguro iyon ang nais iparating ng PETA sa atin. Nais siguro nilang ipahiwatig ang mensaheng iyon sa pamamagitan ng palabas na iyon.
Buod ng Palabas.
Act 1.. Dumating si Spurius Titan Mamma sa kaharian ni Romulus na duguan at sugatan. Nais niyang ipagbigay alam kay Romulus na nasakop na ng kalaban ang Pavia, ngunit si Romulus ay ayaw tanggapin o pakinggan ang balitang dala niya. Mas ninais niyang kumain ng agahan at makipag-usap sa isang taong nais bumili ng mga busto ng palasyo. Sinabihan pa niya si Spurius na matulog at magpahinga kaysa pakinggan ang balita. Maya-maya ay dumating ang hari na si Zeno at pinaalam sa kanila na nasakop na ang kaharian niya. Nais niyang makipagsanib puwersa kay Romulus upang labanan ang mga German subalit ayaw naman ni Romulus na makipaglaban. Ayaw niyang sumabak sa giyera. Dumating si Caesar Rupf at inalok niya ang hari na babayaran niya ang mga kalaban ng 10 milyon sa isang kondisyon- nais niyang mapangasawa ang anak niya na si Rea. Ayaw pumayag ni Romulus. Sabi niya, mas gugustuhin pa niyang ibenta ang buong imperyo ng mura kaysa ipakasal ang anak niya.
Act II.. Ang mga natitirang tauhan ni Romulus ay biglaang nagtipon sa hardin at nag-usap tungkol sa nalalapit na pagbagsak ng imperyo nang biglang dumating si Emilian, ang mapapangasawa ni Rea. Nandidiri pa siya sa kaharian ni Romulus sapagkat marumi ito dala ng mga manok na naglipana sa buong kaharian. Lumabas si Rea mula sa palasyo. Sa kasamaang palad ay hindi siya nakilala nito dahil sa duguan at sugatan siya. Pinakilala ni Emilian ang sarili niya at nagulat si Rea dahil tatlong taon silang nagkawalay ni Emilian, at ngayon ay biglaan silang nagkita. Nais ni Emilian na kumuha ng sandata si Rea upang sumama sa kanya at makipaglaban, ngunit ayaw naman ng dalaga na gawin iyon. Nang marinig ng binata ang alok ni Rupf ay sinabihan nito si Rea na tanggapin ang alok alang-alang sa kapakanan ng kaharian. Sapilitan ang pagpayag ni Rea, ngunit nang lumabas si Romulus ay nagalit ito at hindi pinahintulutan ang dalaga na gawin ang nais ni Emilian.
Act III.. Binisita si Romulus ng kanyang asawang si Empress Julia na nagpaalam sa kanya. Aalis ng Roma ang reyna papuntang Sicily at doon na maninirahan. Ayaw sumama ni Romulus. Dito nagkaalaman na hindi kailanman minahal ng dalawa ang isa’t-isa, na naggamitan lang sila para sa pansariling kagustuhan. Nais ni Julia na maging Empress kaya niya pinakasalan si Romulus, at si Romulus naman ay nais maging hari na naglalayong pabagsakin ang isang bayan dahil sa madugong kasaysayan nito bago maabot ang kapangyarihang tinatamasa nito. Pagkaalis ni Julia ay binisita si Romulus ni Rea. Kinumbinse ni Romulus si Rea na pakasalan si Emilian at hindi si Rupf dahil aniya, "mas mahirap maging tapat sa kapwa kaysa sa estado." Nakita niya na may taong nagmamasid sa kanila kaya nang umalis si Rea ay bigla niyang pinalabas ang taong ito na nakilala niyang si Emilian. Mula dito ay biglang nagsulputan ang mga taong nagtatago sa silid ng hari. Ito ay sina Zeno, Spurius at ang sekretarya niya na nakasuot ng itim na damit at may dalang maliit na sandata. Plano nilang patayin ang hari ngunit hindi man lang natinag si Romulus. Hindi takot ang nababanaag sa mukha niya kundi pagkagulat dahil sa planong ito ng mga kampon niyang nagtraydor sa kanya. Ngunit bigla silang lumisan nang may sumigaw na dumating na ang mga kalaban. Mas ninais na lang nilang mamatay si Romulus sa kamay ng mga kalaban.
Act IV. Pagkagising ni Romulus ay sinalubong siya ng mga balita na ang dalawa niyang katulong ay inalukan ng trabaho ni Rupf at ang sinasakyan ng mag-ina niya papuntang Sicily ay nalunod. Tanging si Zeno lamang ang nakaligtas dito. Hindi nagpakita ng kahit na anumang pagkalungkot si Romulus, sapagkat alam niyang mamatay din siya sa araw na iyon. Nang dumating na ang puwersa ng mga kalaban na pinamumunuan ni Odoacer at ng pamangkin niyang si Theoderic, ay buong puso niyang sinalubong ang mga ito, pati na ang kamatayan niya. Subalit, hindi nais ni Odoacer na patayin ang hari kundi plano niyang humingi ng tulong dito. Magkapareho sila ng plano ni Odoacer na kailangan nang matigil ang pagkasakim ng mga tao sa kapangyarihan. Alam ni Odoacer na kapag naghari siya ay papatayin din siya ng pamangkin niya balang-araw. Kaya nagkasundo ang dalawa na gawing hari ng Italya si Odoacer at magretiro si Romulus na may taunang pension. Doon nagtatapos ang palabas.
Mga Natutunan. Sinabi ni Romulus na hindi digmaan ang sagot sa lahat ng bagay. Dahil alam naman natin na laganap ang giyera ngayon sa pagitan ng gobyerno at rebelde. Dahil sa kagustuhan ng taong makamit ang kapangyarihan ay ginagawa na niya ang lahat upang maisakatuparan ito. Ito ang naging dahilan na gustong ibagsak ni Romulus ang imperyong Romano dahil sa madugo nitong nakaraan. Nakamtan ng Roma ang kapangyarihan sa pamamagitan ng pagpatay ng mga tao. Laging iniisip ng tao na para sa bayan o estado ang ginagawa nito. Nabubulagan sila sa ideyang ito kaya hindi nila nakikita ang mga taong naapakan nila. Nais ni Romulus isaalang-alang ang kapakanan ng tao kaysa sa bayan.
Mapapansin din natin na sa kalagitnaan ng gulo at digmaan ay walang ginawa si Romulus kundi hayaan na bumagsak ang imperyo. Planado niya ang lahat ng iyon. Naniniwala kasi siya na ang imperyalismo at ang globalisasyon ang siyang sisira sa ating lahat. Ito na siguro ang nangyayari sa atin sa kasalukuyan.
Siguro iyon ang nais iparating ng PETA sa atin. Nais siguro nilang ipahiwatig ang mensaheng iyon sa pamamagitan ng palabas na iyon.
health in 1980's
Primary Health Care and the Drug Policy
During the last years of the Marcos administration, the Ministry of Healths emphasis was on primary health care, which was adopted as a national strategy in 1981.
State of Nation's Health
In the early 1980s, there was an obvious shift in the top causes of mortality. Although pneumonia and tuberculosis still ranked number one and three respectively, lifestyle diseases slowly climbed the list. Diseases of the heart (second), diseases of the vascular system (fourth), and cancers (fifth) now dominated as major health problems.
However, the top ten causes of morbidity were still mostly infectious in nature: influenza, gastroenteritis, bronchitis, accidents, diseases of the heart, tuberculosis, pneumonia, diseases of the vascular system, mental disorders, avitaminosis and other nutritional state.
Primary Health Care
The Primary Health Care movement began with the Community Based Health Projects (CBHPs) of the mid-seventies. These CBHPs were implemented at the grassroots level and sought to find solutions to the peoples health and socio-economic problems. With the WHO/UNICEF Alma Ata Declaration in 1978, Primary Health Care became a preferred strategy with the battle cry of "Health for All."
Primary Health Care had five concepts: equity in health care, socially acceptable strategies, self-reliance, a multi-sectoral approach and emphasis on preventive medicine. People in the community were tapped, taught and trained in basic health concepts.
On December 2, 1982, an Integrated Health Care Delivery System (E.O. 851) was set up, and the following year, breastfeeding and proper complementary feeding were promoted. Also, an Interorganization Committee on Nutrition (ICON) was organized in 1983.
However, due to the inadequate health budget, the countrys infant immunization coverage declined to an all-time low of 25%. With the unsteady political climate, health also suffered.
Edsa 1 Revolution
After the Marcos administration was overthrown by the People Power Revolution, President Corazon Aquino quickly restored the ways of democracy. Clearly prioritizing health, Aquino increased the health budget from four billion pesos to 11 billion pesos. This translated to a rise in GNP for health from average of 2.8% during the Marcos years to an average of 4.2% for the Aquino years.
April 13, 1987 marked the return of the Department of Health from the previous Ministry of Health with Dr. Alfredo R. A. Bengzon as secretary of health for the new government.
The National Drug Policy
Since 30% of the health departments budget was spent on drugs, the governments new emphasis was on quality yet affordable drugs. On April 30, 1987, during the inauguration of the new Bureau of Food and Drugs laboratory in Alabang, President Aquino announced the Philippine National Drug Policy (PNDP), which provided the guidelines for rational use of quality drugs.
In the meantime, the year 1987 also saw the beginning of the Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP) and the passing of the Philippine Milk Code.
Health Secretary Dr. Bengzon writes that one important component of the National Drug Policy is the Generics Act of 1988 (R.A. 6675), which required the use of generic names in the labeling, prescribing and dispensing of medicine. This Bill resulted in a heated controversy involving the pharmaceutical companies and medical doctors. But eventually, on September 13, 1988, the Generics Act was signed into law.
Despite this controversy, Dr. Bengzon claims major achievements in health during his term. By the end of the eighties, infant immunization coverage rose from 25% to almost 90%.
In 1989, the Department of Health drafted the National Hospital Service Development Program, which laid out options for the construction and development of hospitals throughout the country. Foremost is the rebuilding of the San Lazaro Hospital compound. The same was done to many other hospitals and rural health units.
As the eighties ended, the increasing burden of both infectious diseases and lifestyle diseases became apparent. The Health Department geared towards addressing these issues in the challenging nineties.
During the last years of the Marcos administration, the Ministry of Healths emphasis was on primary health care, which was adopted as a national strategy in 1981.
State of Nation's Health
In the early 1980s, there was an obvious shift in the top causes of mortality. Although pneumonia and tuberculosis still ranked number one and three respectively, lifestyle diseases slowly climbed the list. Diseases of the heart (second), diseases of the vascular system (fourth), and cancers (fifth) now dominated as major health problems.
However, the top ten causes of morbidity were still mostly infectious in nature: influenza, gastroenteritis, bronchitis, accidents, diseases of the heart, tuberculosis, pneumonia, diseases of the vascular system, mental disorders, avitaminosis and other nutritional state.
Primary Health Care
The Primary Health Care movement began with the Community Based Health Projects (CBHPs) of the mid-seventies. These CBHPs were implemented at the grassroots level and sought to find solutions to the peoples health and socio-economic problems. With the WHO/UNICEF Alma Ata Declaration in 1978, Primary Health Care became a preferred strategy with the battle cry of "Health for All."
Primary Health Care had five concepts: equity in health care, socially acceptable strategies, self-reliance, a multi-sectoral approach and emphasis on preventive medicine. People in the community were tapped, taught and trained in basic health concepts.
On December 2, 1982, an Integrated Health Care Delivery System (E.O. 851) was set up, and the following year, breastfeeding and proper complementary feeding were promoted. Also, an Interorganization Committee on Nutrition (ICON) was organized in 1983.
However, due to the inadequate health budget, the countrys infant immunization coverage declined to an all-time low of 25%. With the unsteady political climate, health also suffered.
Edsa 1 Revolution
After the Marcos administration was overthrown by the People Power Revolution, President Corazon Aquino quickly restored the ways of democracy. Clearly prioritizing health, Aquino increased the health budget from four billion pesos to 11 billion pesos. This translated to a rise in GNP for health from average of 2.8% during the Marcos years to an average of 4.2% for the Aquino years.
April 13, 1987 marked the return of the Department of Health from the previous Ministry of Health with Dr. Alfredo R. A. Bengzon as secretary of health for the new government.
The National Drug Policy
Since 30% of the health departments budget was spent on drugs, the governments new emphasis was on quality yet affordable drugs. On April 30, 1987, during the inauguration of the new Bureau of Food and Drugs laboratory in Alabang, President Aquino announced the Philippine National Drug Policy (PNDP), which provided the guidelines for rational use of quality drugs.
In the meantime, the year 1987 also saw the beginning of the Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP) and the passing of the Philippine Milk Code.
Health Secretary Dr. Bengzon writes that one important component of the National Drug Policy is the Generics Act of 1988 (R.A. 6675), which required the use of generic names in the labeling, prescribing and dispensing of medicine. This Bill resulted in a heated controversy involving the pharmaceutical companies and medical doctors. But eventually, on September 13, 1988, the Generics Act was signed into law.
Despite this controversy, Dr. Bengzon claims major achievements in health during his term. By the end of the eighties, infant immunization coverage rose from 25% to almost 90%.
In 1989, the Department of Health drafted the National Hospital Service Development Program, which laid out options for the construction and development of hospitals throughout the country. Foremost is the rebuilding of the San Lazaro Hospital compound. The same was done to many other hospitals and rural health units.
As the eighties ended, the increasing burden of both infectious diseases and lifestyle diseases became apparent. The Health Department geared towards addressing these issues in the challenging nineties.
child labor
ILO Convention No. 182: Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999
The General Conference of the International Labour Organization,
Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its 87th Session on 1 June 1999, and
Considering the need to adopt new instruments for the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, as the main priority for national and international action, including international cooperation and assistance, to complement the Convention and the Recommendation concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, 1973, which remain fundamental instruments on child labour, and
Considering that the effective elimination of the worst forms of child labour requires immediate and comprehensive action, taking into account the importance of free basic education and the need to remove the children concerned from all such work and to provide for their rehabilitation and social integration while addressing the needs of their families, and
Recalling the resolution concerning the elimination of child labour adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 83rd Session in 1996, and
Recognizing that child labour is to a great extent caused by poverty and that the long-term solution lies in sustained economic growth leading to social progress, in particular poverty alleviation and universal education, and
Recalling the Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 20 November 1989, and
Recalling the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up, adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 86th Session in 1998, and
Recalling that some of the worst forms of child labour are covered by other international instruments, in particular the Forced Labour Convention, 1930, and the United Nations Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, 1956, and
Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to child labour, which is the fourth item on the agenda of the session, and
Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international Convention;
adopts this seventeenth day of June of the year one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine the following Convention, which may be cited as the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999.
Article 1
Each Member which ratifies this Convention shall take immediate and effective measures to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour as a matter of urgency.
Article 2
For the purposes of this Convention, the term "child" shall apply to all persons under the age of 18.
Article 3
For the purposes of this Convention, the term "the worst forms of child labour" comprises:
(a) all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as the sale and trafficking of children, debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory labour, including forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict;
(b) the use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of pornography or for pornographic performances;
(c) the use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular for the production and trafficking of drugs as defined in the relevant international treaties;
(d) work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children.
Article 4
1. The types of work referred to under Article 3(d) shall be determined by national laws or regulations or by the competent authority, after consultation with the organizations of employers and workers concerned, taking into consideration relevant international standards, in particular Paragraphs 3 and 4 of the Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation, 1999.
2. The competent authority, after consultation with the organizations of employers and workers concerned, shall identify where the types of work so determined exist.
3. The list of the types of work determined under paragraph 1 of this Article shall be periodically examined and revised as necessary, in consultation with the organizations of employers and workers concerned.
Article 5
Each Member shall, after consultation with employers' and workers' organizations, establish or designate appropriate mechanisms to monitor the implementation of the provisions giving effect to this Convention.
Article 6
1. Each Member shall design and implement programmes of action to eliminate as a priority the worst forms of child labour.
2. Such programmes of action shall be designed and implemented in consultation with relevant government institutions and employers' and workers' organizations, taking into consideration the views of other concerned groups as appropriate.
Article 7
1. Each Member shall take all necessary measures to ensure the effective implementation and enforcement of the provisions giving effect to this Convention including the provision and application of penal sanctions or, as appropriate, other sanctions.
2. Each Member shall, taking into account the importance of education in eliminating child labour, take effective and time-bound measures to:
(a) prevent the engagement of children in the worst forms of child labour;
(b) provide the necessary and appropriate direct assistance for the removal of children from the worst forms of child labour and for their rehabilitation and social integration;
(c) ensure access to free basic education, and, wherever possible and appropriate, vocational training, for all children removed from the worst forms of child labour;
(d) identify and reach out to children at special risk; and
(e) take account of the special situation of girls.
3. Each Member shall designate the competent authority responsible for the implementation of the provisions giving effect to this Convention.
Article 8
Members shall take appropriate steps to assist one another in giving effect to the provisions of this Convention through enhanced international cooperation and/or assistance including support for social and economic development, poverty eradication programmes and universal education.
Article 9
The formal ratifications of this Convention shall be communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration.
Article 10
1. This Convention shall be binding only upon those Members of the International Labour Organization whose ratifications have been registered with the Director-General of the International Labour Office.
2. It shall come into force 12 months after the date on which the ratifications of two Members have been registered with the Director General.
3. Thereafter, this Convention shall come into force for any Member 12 months after the date on which its ratification has been registered.
Article 11
1. A Member which has ratified this Convention may denounce it after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the Convention first comes into force, by an act communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration. Such denunciation shall not take effect until one year after the date on which it is registered.
2. Each Member which has ratified this Convention and which does not, within the year following the expiration of the period of ten years mentioned in the preceding paragraph, exercise the right of denunciation provided for in this Article, will be bound for another period of ten years and, thereafter, may denounce this Convention at the expiration of each period of ten years under the terms provided for in this Article.
Article 12
1. The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall notify all Members of the International Labour Organization of the registration of all ratifications and acts of denunciation communicated by the Members of the Organization.
2. When notifying the Members of the Organization of the registration of the second ratification, the Director-General shall draw the attention of the Members of the Organization to the date upon which the Convention shall come into force.
Article 13
The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall communicate to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, for registration in accordance with article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, full particulars of all ratifications and acts of denunciation registered by the Director-General in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Articles.
Article 14
At such times as it may consider necessary, the Governing Body of the International Labour Office shall present to the General Conference a report on the working of this Convention and shall examine the desirability of placing on the agenda of the Conference the question of its revision in whole or in part.
Article 15
1. Should the Conference adopt a new Convention revising this Convention in whole or in part, then, unless the new Convention otherwise provides --
(a) the ratification by a Member of the new revising Convention shall ipso jure involve the immediate denunciation of this Convention, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 11 above, if and when the new revising Convention shall have come into force;
(b) as from the date when the new revising Convention comes into force, this Convention shall cease to be open to ratification by the Members.
2. This Convention shall in any case remain in force in its actual form and content for those Members which have ratified it but have not ratified the revising Convention.
Article 16
The English and French versions of the text of this Convention are equally authoritative.
The General Conference of the International Labour Organization,
Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its 87th Session on 1 June 1999, and
Considering the need to adopt new instruments for the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, as the main priority for national and international action, including international cooperation and assistance, to complement the Convention and the Recommendation concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, 1973, which remain fundamental instruments on child labour, and
Considering that the effective elimination of the worst forms of child labour requires immediate and comprehensive action, taking into account the importance of free basic education and the need to remove the children concerned from all such work and to provide for their rehabilitation and social integration while addressing the needs of their families, and
Recalling the resolution concerning the elimination of child labour adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 83rd Session in 1996, and
Recognizing that child labour is to a great extent caused by poverty and that the long-term solution lies in sustained economic growth leading to social progress, in particular poverty alleviation and universal education, and
Recalling the Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 20 November 1989, and
Recalling the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up, adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 86th Session in 1998, and
Recalling that some of the worst forms of child labour are covered by other international instruments, in particular the Forced Labour Convention, 1930, and the United Nations Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, 1956, and
Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to child labour, which is the fourth item on the agenda of the session, and
Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international Convention;
adopts this seventeenth day of June of the year one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine the following Convention, which may be cited as the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999.
Article 1
Each Member which ratifies this Convention shall take immediate and effective measures to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour as a matter of urgency.
Article 2
For the purposes of this Convention, the term "child" shall apply to all persons under the age of 18.
Article 3
For the purposes of this Convention, the term "the worst forms of child labour" comprises:
(a) all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as the sale and trafficking of children, debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory labour, including forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict;
(b) the use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of pornography or for pornographic performances;
(c) the use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular for the production and trafficking of drugs as defined in the relevant international treaties;
(d) work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children.
Article 4
1. The types of work referred to under Article 3(d) shall be determined by national laws or regulations or by the competent authority, after consultation with the organizations of employers and workers concerned, taking into consideration relevant international standards, in particular Paragraphs 3 and 4 of the Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation, 1999.
2. The competent authority, after consultation with the organizations of employers and workers concerned, shall identify where the types of work so determined exist.
3. The list of the types of work determined under paragraph 1 of this Article shall be periodically examined and revised as necessary, in consultation with the organizations of employers and workers concerned.
Article 5
Each Member shall, after consultation with employers' and workers' organizations, establish or designate appropriate mechanisms to monitor the implementation of the provisions giving effect to this Convention.
Article 6
1. Each Member shall design and implement programmes of action to eliminate as a priority the worst forms of child labour.
2. Such programmes of action shall be designed and implemented in consultation with relevant government institutions and employers' and workers' organizations, taking into consideration the views of other concerned groups as appropriate.
Article 7
1. Each Member shall take all necessary measures to ensure the effective implementation and enforcement of the provisions giving effect to this Convention including the provision and application of penal sanctions or, as appropriate, other sanctions.
2. Each Member shall, taking into account the importance of education in eliminating child labour, take effective and time-bound measures to:
(a) prevent the engagement of children in the worst forms of child labour;
(b) provide the necessary and appropriate direct assistance for the removal of children from the worst forms of child labour and for their rehabilitation and social integration;
(c) ensure access to free basic education, and, wherever possible and appropriate, vocational training, for all children removed from the worst forms of child labour;
(d) identify and reach out to children at special risk; and
(e) take account of the special situation of girls.
3. Each Member shall designate the competent authority responsible for the implementation of the provisions giving effect to this Convention.
Article 8
Members shall take appropriate steps to assist one another in giving effect to the provisions of this Convention through enhanced international cooperation and/or assistance including support for social and economic development, poverty eradication programmes and universal education.
Article 9
The formal ratifications of this Convention shall be communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration.
Article 10
1. This Convention shall be binding only upon those Members of the International Labour Organization whose ratifications have been registered with the Director-General of the International Labour Office.
2. It shall come into force 12 months after the date on which the ratifications of two Members have been registered with the Director General.
3. Thereafter, this Convention shall come into force for any Member 12 months after the date on which its ratification has been registered.
Article 11
1. A Member which has ratified this Convention may denounce it after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the Convention first comes into force, by an act communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration. Such denunciation shall not take effect until one year after the date on which it is registered.
2. Each Member which has ratified this Convention and which does not, within the year following the expiration of the period of ten years mentioned in the preceding paragraph, exercise the right of denunciation provided for in this Article, will be bound for another period of ten years and, thereafter, may denounce this Convention at the expiration of each period of ten years under the terms provided for in this Article.
Article 12
1. The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall notify all Members of the International Labour Organization of the registration of all ratifications and acts of denunciation communicated by the Members of the Organization.
2. When notifying the Members of the Organization of the registration of the second ratification, the Director-General shall draw the attention of the Members of the Organization to the date upon which the Convention shall come into force.
Article 13
The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall communicate to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, for registration in accordance with article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, full particulars of all ratifications and acts of denunciation registered by the Director-General in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Articles.
Article 14
At such times as it may consider necessary, the Governing Body of the International Labour Office shall present to the General Conference a report on the working of this Convention and shall examine the desirability of placing on the agenda of the Conference the question of its revision in whole or in part.
Article 15
1. Should the Conference adopt a new Convention revising this Convention in whole or in part, then, unless the new Convention otherwise provides --
(a) the ratification by a Member of the new revising Convention shall ipso jure involve the immediate denunciation of this Convention, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 11 above, if and when the new revising Convention shall have come into force;
(b) as from the date when the new revising Convention comes into force, this Convention shall cease to be open to ratification by the Members.
2. This Convention shall in any case remain in force in its actual form and content for those Members which have ratified it but have not ratified the revising Convention.
Article 16
The English and French versions of the text of this Convention are equally authoritative.
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